Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN) and Reading Fluency: Implications for Understanding
and Treatment of Reading Disabilities. Elizabeth S. Norton and Maryanne Wolf
Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2012.63:427-452.
What is a RAN task? This task involves timed naming of a limited
(usually five) number of stimuli such as numbers, letters, familiar objects or
color patches. The stimuli, usually
about fifty of them, are presented repeatedly in random order, in left to-right
serial fashion. The RAS is structured
analogously to the RAN, with items belonging to two or three different categories repeated alternately,
reflecting the demands of shifting attention and processing between sets of
different stimuli.
RAN tasks are one of the best predictors of reading fluency across all known
orthographies. RAN predicts reading
fluency in all ages, beginning in kindergarten. Second-grade RAN scores
significantly predict eighth grade reading
and spelling scores, and the predictive value of RAN is much stronger in poor
readers than in typical readers.
RAN tasks and reading seem to require
many of the same processes, from eye saccades to working memory to the
connecting of orthographic and phonological representations. The ability to automate both the individual
linguistic and perceptual components and the connections among them in visually
presented serial tasks is the major reason why RAN consistently predicts later
reading.
Which
processes are involved in rapid naming? (a) attentional processes to the
stimulus; (b) bihemispheric visual processes responsible for initial feature
detection, visual discrimination, and pattern identification; (c) integration
of visual features and pattern information with stored orthographic
representations; (d) integration of visual and orthographic information with
stored phonological representations; (e) access and retrieval of phonological
labels; (f) activation and integration of semantic and conceptual information
with all other input; and (g) motoric activation leading to articulation.
One can consider the amount of time taken
to articulate each item’s name versus the amount of time taken for processing
between items (often called pause time). Several studies have found that
articulation time itself is not strongly associated with reading in the same
manner as are overall RAN scores. Instead,
it seems that the interitem processing or pause time may reflect the components
of RAN that drive their close association with reading. Pause time, especially on the RAN letters
task, predicted both single-word reading and reading comprehension in first- and
second graders. Pause times at the end
of kindergarten were significantly correlated with reading accuracy and fluency
in first grade.
Although general processing speed affects
both RAN and reading, RAN makes a significant contribution to reading after
processing speed is controlled for. The slow naming speed observed in many
individuals with dyslexia might occur at a level higher than simple processing
speed; for example, it may occur in the connections between visual and speech
circuits in the brain.
How can reading fluency
be improved? One
technique that has been widely used to improve fluency is repeated reading. In this
technique, a student reads a passage multiple times, with increasing speed.
After repeated reading, students show some generalizable increases in speed and accuracy of decoding.
Norton and Wolf examine
reading fluency in the sense of “fluent comprehension”: a manner of reading in which all
sublexical units, words, and connected text and all the perceptual, linguistic,
and cognitive processes involved in each level are processed accurately and
automatically so that sufficient time and resources can be allocated to
comprehension and deeper thought.
The repeated reading approach yields changes in
speed
that may not be
related to improvements in fluent
comprehension.
Fluent comprehension
depends on accuracy and automaticity at every
level of language. In order to improve fluent comprehension it's
important to explicitly address the
multiple levels of language and multiple cognitive processes involved in reading.