In sentence recall tests, the child
listens to one sentence and tries to repeat it as precisely as he can. Usually, the sentence's length and complexity
grow as the test progresses.
This test is usually thought of as
measuring memory span. Memory span, in
CHC theory, is a narrow ability within short term memory. Memory span is "the ability to encode
information, keep it in immediate awareness and produce it immediately in the
order in which it was presented." Or,
put another way: "the ability to attend to and immediately recall
temporally ordered elements in the correct order after a single
presentation." (Flanagan et
al.,2007, Schneider and McGrew, 2012 ).
Sentence recall is also an efficient
marker of SLI – Specific Language Impairment and of dyslexia. Performance in sentence recall tests is also
related to reading comprehension.
A few researchers, including
Baddeley, suggest that the sentence recall task involves short term memory as well as long
term memory. Sentence recall
requires using general information, semantic knowledge (that help us understand
what the sentence is about - the 'gist' of the sentence), and grammatical and
syntactic knowledge. Utilizing these
knowledge types requires the involvement of long term memory. The sentence recall task also requires
keeping track of the structural aspects of the sentence ("keeping"
the word order in the phonological loop, for example). This involves short term memory.
Gathercole found in 2005, that people
with high phonological memory are able to retain the word order in sentences
much better than people with low phonological memory. People with low phonological memory have more
errors of omissions and insertions (they add and/or delete words from the
sentence). Sentence recall tests are
correlated with nonword repetition tests, which are influenced by memory span.
Marshall and Nation found in 2003,
that children with normal levels of reading accuracy and speed but low reading
comprehension, also have low sentence recall.
These children have no difficulties in memory span tests. The researchers suggest that the low
performance in sentence recall tests is related to long term memory's
involvement in sentence recall tasks.
In this study:
The
role of sentence recall in reading and language skills of children with
learning difficulties. Alloway, T.P. and
Gathercole, S.E. learning and Individual
differences, 15 (2005) 271-282
http://www.academia.edu/2651151/The_role_of_sentence_recall_in_reading_and_language_skills_of_children_with_learning_difficulties
participated children in elementary
school with learning difficulties. They were
tested with reading, language, working memory, expressive vocabulary and
sentence recall tests and the Wechsler test.
The hardest items in the sentence recall test were not longer sentences
but were more complex sentences. The goal
was to see whether the sentence recall test is related to reading or to
language skills.
A correlation of 0.6 was found
between sentence recall and memory span.
But, when the unique contribution of each factor to the prediction of reading
and language skills was examined, it was found that sentence recall explained a
significant amount of the variance in reading and language skills above the
contribution of age, IQ, expressive vocabulary, memory span and working memory.
So, sentence recall test measures
much more than memory span. Gathercole
and Alloway suggest that sentence recall predicted performance in reading and language tests because sentence recall tests requires the use of both
short term memory and linguistic and conceptual knowledge found in long term
memory.